Luxembourg
Luxembourg（盧森堡）
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Gaga kska Owcow ka Luxembourg, 49 45 N, 6 10 E ka gaga na nniqan. Kana ka knlbangan na o 2,586 sq km（hangan na o Tg179） (knlbanga dxgal o 2,586 sq km, knlbangan qsiya o 0 sq km). Kana ka sejiqun o niqan 582,291 hiyi. Gaga Luxembourg ka pusu alang paru, jiyax 23 idas 6 ka jiyax skrayan klwaan. Manu ka dxgal Luxembourg ga wada sugan 50.70% ka dxgal qpahan, 33.50% ka dxgal bbuyu, rahuq dxgal do niqan 15.80% na.
Bukung klwaan ta sayang o kiya ka Henri, pnaah hngkawas2000 idas 10 jiyax 7pnrajing kmlawa klwaan.
cinkhulan sa knita’ sa brbiru’
Luxembourg(盧森堡)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Luxembourg Takongkwo u splawa Luxembourg, mtlibu mtqiri Luxembourg ka France, Germany, Belgium, wa mniq Oco mi qnlhangan neyru ka Luxembourg, kiya ka mnsngari murux bay Takongkwo mniq Oco saya, sotu ka Luxembourg su. Tumal kcka Omong ka Luxembourg, alaw kcka tndxral pa niqan Hoing Oco, Snciying Oco, Oco Tocu Inhang mi knou bay Omong ciko kiya splawa babaw lmutuc Purusayar mi Straspaw Oco na “Tu3 Sotu”.
Ri-s(歷史)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Rikisi Luxembourg pa speyyah kndadax congsuci cida smnluwan qnalang qnhlangan Luxembourg prading smnru. Mnhdu smmalu qnalang qnhlangan daw, prading kndudul mrana kana ka sssiyaw niya, wada mssli kingal beyhing alang mkbrnux. Wa mniq nniqan mndungus bay ccbuwan ka Luxembourg, France, Germany mi Netherlands pa snbeyhing bay qmita kana, knttu yahan mssriyux knrmux mangal qnlhangan icil ka Luxembourg. 19 th cida, Luxembourg u prading mdukuricu qnlhangan dhiya nanaq qmlahang dhiya nanaq, kiya mi spuda Netherlands Ryeynhe Wangkwo qmhahang, dhuq dukuricu ka Belgium, kiya ka wada ptalax qmnlahang Netherlands ka Luxembourg.
Ana so wada pkla kari muda pnwaya congri ka Luxembourg, binaw mniq 20 th pa, mnsnpusal yahan knrmux mangal Germany ka Luxembourg. Tumn1 qnlangan beyhing mccbu cida kngkawas 1914 idas 8 diyax 2, Doicu Tikwo u muda Surihun Keykaku mi wada ini biyaw knrmux mangal Luxembourg mi knrmux cnbu Belgium mi France, wada trawah ka ccbuwan tuiwil, Tumn2 qnlangan knbeyhing mccbu iyax cida, dnmuwi hmrinas mkmaxal puciping ka Luxembourg u, alaw mmusa knrmux Belgium mi France mi wada dan knrmux Nacwey Doicu ka Luxembourg uri, wada pkixan msupu Tongmongkwo mccbu, kiya mi miyah cnbu ka Doicu cida u tnayis bay wada ngalang Doicu ka Luxembourg, Tumn2 qnlangan knbeyhing mccbu u wana Luxembourg ka tumal mccbu mi uka ana taxa mhuqil. Babaw Tumn2 qnlangan knbeyhing mccbu daw, ini uda pnwaya congri ka Luxembourg da, wada mwaya balay pnhiyu Peyyey mi Omong kaying qnlhangan uri.
Ceng-c(政治)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Pnwaya muda Cyuncu Phiyu Kngpo ka Luxembourg. Yeso qnlhangan ka Takong Luxembourg, kiya ka knkana Oco murux bay Takongkwo. Kiya mi biyax dmuwi singcng u neyke ka muda dmuwi biyax. Kokoingkay u niqan 60 hiyi, mntxan u 5 kngkawas ka diyax qpahun gying.
Sing-ceng cyu-hwa(行政區劃)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Luxembourg pa psnakan 12 keyng, trahuc u psuwan 102 ka sucn Dungan. Niqan 12 sucn u mndungus bay hnyuwan alang mkbrnux ka Luxembourg, kiya mi Luxembourg alang mkbrnux beyhing ka tubeyhing bay alang mkbrnux.
Cyu ka mntu1 ci singcng cyuhwa Luxembourg, mniq kngkawas 2015 idas 10 diyax 3
cida daw wada plihan da.
Kngkawas 1659 dhuq kngkawas 1839 iyax cida, Luxembourg u wada psnakan 3 huncyu, kiya mi hiti daw wada mnduma dxral Belgium, France mi Germany saya da, tndxral Luxembourg pa kndadax 10,700 pinghwang km mlih dhuq 2,586 pinghwang km saya.
Keyng na Luxembourg
Kapeyrun keyng (1), Kraywo keyng (2), Tikisi keyng (3), Aysitnah keyng (4), Aarcet Hpanays keyng (5), Kreywenmah keyng (6), Luxembourg keyng (7), Meyars keyng (8), Reytangju keyng (9), Reymisi keyng (10), Huyantng keyng (11), Weyarc keyng (12)
Ti-ri(地理)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Luxembourg u wa mniq Tuiwil Oco dxral kcka, lnlingay dxral u baraw ka tudaya
mitruma ka tuhunac, narac u lmutuc Germany ka tunarac, lmutuc France ka tuhunac,
lmutuc Belgium ka tudaya mi tuiwil. Tudaya u tubaraw dxral Yaayting, tqapur bay lmiqu, tuhunac u dxral llbu dwiyaq. Knbaka ka knkarac, mnknkarac muxul tay hayyangsing, mndungus bay qtan ka lnlingay. Sotu Luxembourg alang mkbrnux beyhing u splawa dha “Alang mkbrnux phpah”. Kari bay xxiluy kwang. Hini uri u pusu balay ddaun cong th. Knbaraw balay dwiyaq ka dwiyaq Kneyhu, knbaraw niya u 560 m. Mabang 1 m dwiyaq Pukpurac, kiya u tquwan balay sediq knbaraw bay dwiyaq Luxembourg ka dwiyaq Pukpurac.
Cing-ci(經濟)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Niqan knkana qnlangan babaw dxral knou bay jncyun GDP ka Luxembourg.
Kndadax1999 prading, ida nanaq Oyeyncyu uri ka Luxembourg. Pusu balay stmanan keyjay Luxembourg u quri kongyey, saya daw knbeyhing bay cinjong congsin knkana mtqiri qnlangan babaw dxral uri. Luxembourg ka pusu balay kcka Oyeycyu sjn inhang congsin mi knkana qnlangan tu2 tocu sintwo congsin (msnul Amirika).
Se-hwey(社會)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Minjoku(民族)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Knhbrawan sediq Luxembourg pa kiya ka knkana qnlhangan Luxembourg 50.9%. Mnsediq Oropa mi Tasiyang-Porotihay reysing ka sediq Luxembourg.
Kari(語言)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Kari ddiyun seyhu Luxembourg ka kari France, kari Germany, kari Luxembourg.
‘Qnlhangan muhing elu jyujika’ u ou kluwanan kari ddiyun rmngaw pa, alaw ka hbaraw ou kluwanan minjoku ka mnsupu mniq kiya ka so kiya, kiya mi Luxembourg u uxay so kiya kiya, qnlhangan niyi pnsltudan dha u pusu bay minjoku ka wana murux bay kingal- kiya ka Luxembourg minjoku, minjoku niyi pa quri so dara dha u msdalih hari Franse, binaw quri so rikisi pa bsiyaq bay pnluban kari Germany na ‘Knmalu bay Roma Tikwo’ uri, kiya mi baraw Oco kongting u dmuwi bay dmuwi kari Franse pprngaw ka luhay pnsltudan dha, kiya ka wada so niyi ddiyun bay ppatas ka kari Germany mi kari Franse da, kiya u uxay balay dnuwi quri ppatas ka kari Luxembourg pa, ddiyun balay pprngaw kari kddiyax kiya.
Kari Luxembourg u tukingal cida kari Frank, pusu bay dmuwi kari niyi u wa mniq nniqan yayung Mocear mi mslutuc na alang mkbrnux Germany mi France. Ana so mntubaraw dxral kari Germany na kari Congsi joku ka kari Luxembourg, binaw niqan hmrinas 5000 ka pusu kari Franse. Alaw ka kari tnpusu, kari Luxembourg u sediq Luxembourg pa ngalan dha ‘Kari quri qcahur’, ddiyun pprngaw kari kndusan kddiyax mi uxay ddiyun quri ppatas.
Pnwaya kcka kyoiku u pspuwan dmuwi ka kari Luxembourg, kari Germany mi kari
France, psdkanun dmuwi mi ini pqqada. Pyasan tiping laqi so ttiping u dmuwi kari Luxembourg tmsa muyas, tubeyhing hari laqi muyas daw prading dmuwi kari Germany tmsa, pyasan kcka daw prading snbarah dmuwi kari France Dungan. Mdhu dmuwi tu3 kari niyi u mpqhdu muyas pyasan tubaraw ka sediq qnlhangan daha, so kiya u niqan dmka ka laqi mnuyas pyasan tubaraw u ini dhuq mangal patas sucugyo. Mniq so niyi ka pnwaya dha pa, laqi sediq tnhdil (quri so sediq tnhdilan uxay pneyyah Oco) u ini hari qndhuq.
Hbaraw balay qnlhangan icil cyawmin ka Luxembourg, hmrinas knkana qnhbrawan qnhlangan 30% knhbrawan, knhbaraw bay sediq tnhdilan qnpringan ka sediq Portugal mi sediq Italiana. Miyah ka dhiya cida u madas kari dha nanaq uri. Binaw, kari Portugal mi kari Italiana u wana srwanan nanaq ddiyun pprngaw sediq tnhdilan, mniq so knhbrawan pnsliyan u ini hari duwi kiya.
Cung-cyaw(宗教)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Hbaraw bay ka smluhay Teynskyo, niqan duma ka smluhay snhiyan icil uri (kiya ka knkana Kiristo burah kyo mi Yodayakyo).
Bungka(文化)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Ngalan Qnlangan bunghka yican ka nniqan smudal alang mkbrnux mi nniqan
qqlahang mccbu Luxembourg. Damac uuqun Luxembourg pa wada rul qnlhangan
Germany, France mi Belgium kiya mi qnlhangan icil ssiyaw uri.
Ttgsa(教育)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Mniq Luxembourg pa, 11 kngkawas ka kokomin yiwu kyoiku: Snpiyah laqi muyas pyasan ttiring 2 kngkawas, pusu slxan kyoiku u 6 kngkawas mi 3 kngkawas ka cincyey kyoiku. So kiya u niqal 1 mi 3 bnkuwan ka pnwaya kyoiku dah (Pyasan tutiring, pyasan tutiping, pyasan tubaraw). Laqi muyas muyas ryu u dhuq 100%. Pnwaya kyoiku Luxembourg pa niqan ou bay uuda pprngaun nina, mray so dmuwi ou bay diyax muda smluhay kari Germany, kari France mi kari Eygo, kiya uri u tukubeycu ka smluhay kari Germany u hbaraw ka ini pndungus, rmngaw kari Roman joku tnhdil qnlhangan icil na laqi muyas ka knhbrawan balay.
Kndadax kngkawas 1999 daw, mniq 2 kngkawas pyasan tutoring brah han u muda 1
Kngkawas pnsrmalan muyas pyasan tutiring; so niyi u laqi tiring u malu smluhay quri
Kari, syakay, quri sapah pyasan u, malu mangal kingal mndungus syakayhwa. Mniq
babaw 6 kngkawas pyasan pusu lhayan daw malu umau 2 elu kyoiku pyasan tukcka
ka laqi muyas:
1. Kci kawci pyasan tukcka (67% laqi muyas), qulu bay muyas 3 kngkawas dhuq sucugyo (CATP) kiya uri u mtmay pyasan tubeyhing brah cida u knkana bay u dmuwi kngkawas 6 dhuq 7 kngkawas.
2. Putong pyasan tubaraw (33% laqi muyas). 7 kngkawas daw sucugyo mi mangal patas pnsdhuwan mnhdu muyas kiya mi malu mtmay muyas pyasan tubeyhing.
Pnwaya kyoiku ticu niyi u kiya ka knkana qnlhangan tu2 knou syakay yosang 11.3%. Binaw quri so 15 kngkawas laqi muyas mniq kcka mtqiri qnlangan knkla laqi muyas pingku keykaku u ida so mntna hari kana.
Pyasan tubaraw kluwanan kyoiku
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Kndadax kngkawas 2003 daw niqan 1 dukuricu pyasan tubeyhing Luxembourg, kiya mi snpeyyah kngkawas 2001 prading smmalu phiyu. Mniq quri iswey ringyu, ida nkiya kswey, kci, horicu, keyjay, slhayan syakay mi slhayan kyoiku, laqi muyas mniq knluwanan dniyi pnsnakan 7 ka kcka sweyyeyn smluhay pnyasan. Kiya mi uka mndungus bay mttuku sweynyeyn ka Luxembourg, mniq qnlhangan icil smluhay knou bay sweyci muyas ka knbaka balay. Quri so niyi Belgium, France mi Germany na pyasan tubeyhing ka muda tukubeycu balay so niyi knbeyhing bay hnyuwan qpahun. Laqi muyas pnyas tubeyhing Luxembourg saya pa to bay mniq qnlhangan icil mangal sucugyo patas pnsdhuwan mnhdu muyas, kiya mi wa mniq qnlhangan icil muya pyasan tubeyhing u hmrinas 6000 hiyi sediq. Ya bay 19.6% na laqi muyas pa mniq pyasan tubeyhing qnlhangan Germany cuce (Tukubeycu ka quri so kci seymung ringyu mi ida nkiya kswey), kiya mi 22.6% laqi muyas ka mniq qnlhangan Belgium mi France muyas pyasan tubeyhing.
Mnhdu phiyu pyasan tubeyhing Luxembourg daw, kasi ka ndwanun smdhu ka sweysu Keyngkyo tuwey, kiya mi smdhu pusu lhayan keyjay Luxembourg. Uxay wana so Kiya kasi ka pkrana lmawa laqi muyas qnlhangan icil miyah muyas Luxembourg Kiya mi Luxembourg u muda smruwa mnuyas sucugyo patas pnsdhuwan mnhdu muyas pyasan laqi muyas qnlhangan icil u mqriqu uri, tukubeycu bay ka quri laqi muyas mnhdu muyas pyasan tubeyhing Germany, mray so mniq Germany EG mpsalu sapah pnway u kasi ka mnuda 4 kngkawas smluhay qmpah, mniq Luxembourg u uka brahan mangal patas pnsdhuwan. So niyi Luxembourg u kiya ka niqan nanaq pyasan tubeyhing ‘Institut Supérieur de Technologie’
Cuyey kyoiku
Kci cincyey kyoiku u muda mrana 3 kngkawas muynyeyn smluhay, tukubeycu sweynyeyn smluhay, trahuc niyi ka tu3 uuda kyoiku:
- kngkawas kongyi uxay uri u kongsangyey cuyey slhayan, uxay wana ciyey mi France kongri kci pyasan tubaraw (Lycée Technique) kcka ka 2 yeyn sitong mud muda mniq kingal pusu lhayan sapah pyasan. Mnhdu muyas daw niqan knkla kc mi knkla qqpahun psdhu skeyng CATP. So niyi quri uuda cuyey kyoiku u mniq qpahun uka mpsluhay pa ou balay kiya.
- kngkawas ka kci kyoiku, dhuq mangal patas pnsdhuwan kci.
- Mniq kci congsin 4 kngkawas ka kyoiku, dhuq mangal kingal kci cincyey kyoiku patas pnsdhuwan mnhdu muyas.
Cyun-su(軍事)
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]Niqan heytay klelu Luxembourg mi heytay tukarac Luxembourg ka Luxembourg, uka heytay ucilung ka Luxembourg.
Pnyahan pnatas(參考資料
[smmalu patas | ida npatas sspgan ka smmalu patas]- CIA
- 外交部
- List of current heads of state and government
- https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1
- Tnhjil kari seejiq Watan Diro(瓦旦 吉洛) mtabug