Bahrain（巴林）

Gaga kska Yacow ka Bahrain, 26 00 N, 50 33 E ka gaga na nniqan.

Kana ka knlbangan na o 760 sq km（hangan na o Tg188）

(knlbanga dxgal o 760 sq km, knlbangan qsiya o 0 sq km).

Kana ka sejiqun o niqan 1,378,904 hiyi.

Gaga Manama ka pusu alang paru, jiyax 16 idas 12 ka jiyax skrayan klwaan.

Manu ka dxgal Bahrain ga wada sugan 11.30% ka dxgal qpahan, 0.70% ka dxgal bbuyu, rahuq dxgal do niqan 88% na.

Bukung klwaan ta sayang o kiya ka Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, pnaah hngkawas1999 idas 3 jiyax 6pnrajing kmlawa klwaan.

cinkhulan sa knita’ sa brbiru’

Parin(巴林)

Koka Parin(kari Arapo:( مملكة البحرين‎ ) quri so hnang bnatas Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), sunca dha Parin(mbahang i/bɑːˈreɪn/; kari Arapo:‏البحرين‎ quri so hnang bnatas al-Baḥrayn; kari Posu：‏بحرین‎ Bahreyn), kiya u kaka ckcka ucilung wa mniq iril. Asia mi msdalih tuiril Posuwan, Maynama ka sotu. Parin taw u beyhing bay tawyu Parin, knbbaraw turahuc dhuq tudaya u 55 kongri, knllabang tunarac dhuq tuiril u 18 kongri, kana balay Knbeyhing dxral u 562 pinghwang kongri. Sauti Arapou wa mniq tuiril Parin, kiya mi malu kndadax hakaw bukung Hwahede lmutuc, Irang u wa mniq Tudaya Parin 200 kongri；Kata pantaw u wa mniq tunarac turahuc Parin.

Karac u mmtilux karac mbnaqi mbbuyu. Kngkawas 2010, knhbrawan kana hiyi Parin u 1,234,571, kiya mi 666,172 knhbrawan hiyi ka sediq kndadax koka icil. Parin u pnrdingan qmita knkranan alang Tiarmun, Kngkawas 628, wada nniqan muIsrankyo ka Parin kiya mi kngkawas 1602 u wada lwaqan bukung Apas Sahwey wangcaw.Kngkawas 1783, kndadax bukung Kacaar mluk Parin ka Paniupa joku, kiya mi spuda Kngkawas 1783, kndadax bukung Kacaar mluk Parin ka Paniupa joku, kiya mi spuda tnsapah Aroharihwa phiyu mi qmlahang dhuq saya, Ayhamayto Aarhwata ka muwaya bay hacimu(bukung).

19 seyki thiti, Parin mi Ingkoku pa ppatas patas pnsdhuwan, mudxral qnlhangan Ingkoku, qlhangan Ingkoku. Kngkawas 1971, mlatac ka Ingkoku, mniq mngari qnlhangan Ingkoku ka Takongko u, Parin mi Kata dukuricu phiyu takongko(Aymiar), msngari mpitu Takongko ka wada phiyu pnspuwan Arapo Takongko. Kngkawas 2002 u wada pkla kari knpriyux muwangko ka Parin. Parin u muwaya bay tumal tubukuy gasoring ngengalan hbangan koka Posuwan. Binaw ngengalan hbangan Parin saya pa uxay wana sntama quri gasoring, kndadax 20 seyki tubukuy, wada tumal ou hbangan pkrana hhbangan mi qpahun ryoko. Sotu na ka Maynama, kiya ka beyhing bay nniqan pkrana hbangan ckcka koka mi gaykoku.

Niqan bay knbeyhing knkrana ssediq ka Parin(kana jeynseykay u tu44 bang), ngalan sskuwan hbangan jeynseykay qmita oubay snstkuwan keyjay uri. Kngkawas 2001, wada mupusu bay pnspuwan dangi uxay Peyyey ka Parin, Sringpu tu5 cyeyntuy haycyun Amirika pa kiya ka tnpusu mniq Maynamay, qnburang qqita dha uuda Posuwan mi ucilung Intu.

Pusu dduwi kari(語源)

Kari Arapo ka Parin(Baḥrayn) pa uucilung(bahr) swangsu singtay, so kiya u al-Bahrayn pa kiya ka tmiyu“ddha ucilung niyu”. Mn5 pcriyu mniq Kurancing ka kari niyi, binaw pusu bay pnrdungan cida u uxay tmiyu Parintaw, stiyu na u tunarac Arapo pantaw. Nniqan niyi u kndadax Pasura Posuwan turahuc lmutuc, kana Parin mi Koweyto mi Hasaryuco mi Katihu mi Pnspuwan Arapo Takongko mi Kata mi turahuc Irako, kndudul dhuq tudaya Aman. Kana nniqan ssiyaw ucilung tunarac Arapo knmaxal kbkuy kngkawan pa splawa dha Parin.

Binaw diyax saya, ddha ucilung niyi pa tmiyu rriqi ucilung tuiril mi tunarac Parinpantaw, ucilung taw tudaya mi turahuc, uxay uri u tmiyu qsiya hnuru kndadax dxral sttimu mi qsiya balay mmahun. Kingal nanaq tnkari uri u ddha ucilung niyi pa tmiyu beyhing msama ucilung “Posuwan” mi kingal beyhing langu qsiya msdalih Hasaryuco.

Kngkawas 1971 idas 8 diyax 15, Parin Takongko qnlhangan tnsapah Aleharihwa pa uxay koka qnlhangan Ingkoku da, wada pusa kari balay bay mndungus dukuricu.

Ndanan/Rikisi (歷史)

Brah kngkawas pntingan Yesu 3000 cida da u tna phiyu maci. Brah 1000 kngkawas cida u miyah hini ka sediq Hweynici. Kngkawas tu7 seyki cida wada msupu Pasura

seng Arapotiko ka Parin.Wada ddulan waya Arapo, kiya ka wada so luhay Musrin saya. Kngkawas 1507-1602 cida yahan knnrmux mangal Putawya, bukuy da u wada yahan qmlahang Posutiko dungan Kngkawas 1783 cida spoxan ka Posu qmnlahang, pusa kari dukuricu. Kngkawa 1820 cida yahan knnrmux Ingkoku, kngkawas 1892 cida da u wada muqnlhangan

Ingkoku. Kngkawas 1957 cida, pukla kari ka seyhu Ingkoku, Parin u“ Dukuricu Takongko Qnlhangan Ingkoku ”. Kngkawas 1971 idas 8 idas 14, wada mndungus bay dukuricu ka Parin. Kngkawas 2020 idas 2 diyax 14, wada knpriyux Parin wangko ka hangan koka Parin Takongko, tnbukung koka Aymiar pa wada knpriyux tmhangan sunca kwowang, wada brahun 5 cuqi ka 8 cuqi splawa koka.

Seyji（政治）

Pnwaya seyji u tnbukung phiyu keyngpo wangkwo.Tnbukung koka pa kwowang, tiping biyax ka tnpusu seyhu, knkingan tnualang u niqan biyax tmqlang nana alang, malu muru pnluhay nanaq muda qmlahang uuda tnualang, mray so tnualang Isuran muru pnwaya Isurankyo,tnualang Kiristokyo muru pnwaya Kiristokyo, tnualang Ingtu u muru pnwaya Ingtukyo. Kngkawas 2002 idas 10 phiyu sanggingkay mi conggingkay ddha pnwaya ying gikay. Sangging u pnsdhuwan Kwowang, congging u spuda seyngkyo phiyu. Hiya ka muwaya balay muda seyngkyo kokoingkay mi koka Arapo sptumal quri seyji ka qridin.

Singcyuhwa(行政區劃)

Kana koka u psnaqan 4 song : Sotusong, Muharakosong, Tudayasong mi Turahucsong.

Nniqan(地理)

Parin u wa mniq tunarac Sauti Arapo mi msdalih tuiril ssiyaw ucilung Posuwan, cyuntaw quri so dxral mbrnux mi mdngu. Hiya u kndadax turuma bnaqi bbuyu brnux mkala 134 meyta mi tubaraw bay sqrngun duwiyaq. Kana balay knpruwan dxral Parin pa 665 pinghwang kongri, binaw alaw ka muda qpahun hhriyun ucilung ka dxral smatang pkrana dxral, wada mrana dhuq 780 pinghwanh kongri ka knpruwan dxral, mabang knpruwan dxral Ingkoku mantaw.

Parin pa naka bay cyuntaw pnspuwan 33 knou tawyu, binaw kha bay hnriwan dxral ka ucilung da mi wada musaya niyi da: kngkawas 2008 idas 8, wada mrana 84 ka knou tawyu. Parin u niqan 161 kongri ka elu ssiyaw uculung, ini psupu koka icil ka ayus na. Wada pusa kari ka Parin niqan 22 kongri(12 hayri) ka knpruwan ucilung mi 44 kongri(24 hayri) ka piryeyncyu. Spuda knpruwan ka Parintawyu pa, Parintaw mi Howaarcyuntaw mi Muharakotaw mi Umuannasantaw mi Sitorataw. Kiya mi mhuriq mi mtilux ka rbawan, misan Parin u wada knbaka bay muxul kiya. Ida nkiya cuweyn u kiya ka gasoring msdalih ucilung mi gasu mi qqcurux. Knpruwan kana dxral Parin malu ngalun mhuma pnwalang pa 2.82％ balay.

92％ knpruwan kana Parin ka bnaqi bbuyu, ida nkiya mqraqil Parin u pusu bay pa so luhay nanaq uqan kndnguwan mi quri mnuhur bnaqi. Snturung uka kdkanan kndkilan ka Parin, kiya mi muapung mbnaqi kndnguwan ka dxral pphmaun mi wada msbukuy ka ayus ucilung(wada sliqun ka sanhucyaw mi qqhuni). Pusu bay wada pqnaqah pa kiya ka beyhing asu mi koba hndanan gasoring mi kacideynsyo, krinah bay ka snliqan na nniqan ini srwani puda waya, mray so Tuporiwan. Kiya uri na, nojyo mi ttnsapah u wada scuqi dmuwi pusu bay hansweyceng Parin-Taman hansweyceng, kiya ka wada mstmuwan so dmka sqsiya stmuwan mi msqsiya timu balay. So kiya prading muda hwaswey keyngkyo qsiya ka Parin da, kiya mi keytey nniqan prading mstmuwan ka hansweyceng, kiya u muda pkla so quri inu ka danan so kiya.

Karac（氣候）

Riyahan kndudul tudaya Posuwan mi ckcka Irang duwiyaq Cakorosumay, knttu muda msbihur mstruma ka Parin. 6 ida dhuq 7 idas cida, Mnuhur bnaqi (tnualang u thnganandha buwihur Syamaar) mniyah Irako mi Sauti Arapo pa kndadax buwihur tuiril tudaya mquri Parin msbuwihur, beytaq ini trura qtanan ka Parin. Kha bay kntxlan rbawan ka Parin. Ini qrbuq ka uucilung ssiyaw Parin, rbawan cida u ini biyaw kndudul mtilux, mpkala qnhriqan balay uri, krinah bay ka cka rabi da. Mniq mnsung diyax pa, kntlxan rbawan u mkala dhuq 50°C (122°F). Ini kklay mi sntikuh bay qnyuxan na ka Parin, pusu bay yahan quyux u mniq misan, spatas ndanan tnkawas beyhing bay nyahan quyux pa 71.8 hawmi balay.

Sengu Toyangsing (生物多樣性)

Kari kluwanan qqduda ka Parincyuntaw, hmrinas 330 kluwanan qqduda, kiya mi 26 kluwanan ka mniq Parin prana. Misan u hmrinas 100 knbkiyan knou ka honyaw muda nniqan Posuwan. Kiya ka knkana uxay biyaw mpuka ka qduda ringhopaw uri, qduda honyaw krpuhan cida Parin. Kari bay tawyu mi ini qrbuq ucilung Parin u spruwan bay jeynseykay spkranan qduda rucu(Socotra cormorant), spatas mniq Howaar cyuntaw u hmrinas 10 knbkiyan tmilung mi bubu. Wana 18 knluwanan ka qntanan ccamac binaw miric bbaraw urung Arapo u alaw wada udukan smipaq mi pkngatun. Ryangcirey mi mkkarang spatas u 25 kluwanan, niqan 21 kluwanan ka tlaway uri mi 307kluwanan ka pnwalang. Knou bay kluwanan ka mnnudus ucilung uri, kiya ka knkana qapur bay so pawa spriq ucilung mi cclaq, pancwang sanhucyaw…, pawa spriq ucilung u pusu bay pnyahan uuqun juken mi msama kuluk ucilung. Kngkawas 2003, Seyhu Parin pa hmtur mniq uucilung dha qmraq dapa ucilung mi kuluk ucilung mi haytwen.

Howaar cyuntaw pawhucyu u mndungus bay nniqan tmabu mi pkranan kana tnuda qduda ucilung, kiya u pnkanan jeynseykay nniqan tnuda qqduda ka hini, tubeyhing bay kana jeynseykay nniqan spkranan qduda rucu uri, ssiyaw cyuntaw Parin pa wada muthiti Awtariya da u, tudha jeynseykay nniqan pnspuwan Juken uri. Parin saya pa niqan Howaar cyuntaw mi Masutan taw mi Ajweyto haywan mi Tuporiwan mi Ayarayrin sanan sdhmanan ccamac rima tnyuwan pawhucyu, kiya mi brah tuspac pawhucyu u wa mniq uucilung.

Knhbrawan hiyi (人口)

Knhbrawan hiyi sediq Parin u ya bay 650,604（ndanan smpu kngkawas 2001 cida）, kndadax koka icil u 1/3. Pusu bay nniqan dha u Manmah mi Muharrq, knkrana knhbrawan sediq u 2.96%. Kari srngaw seyhu u kari Arapo, alaw knhbaraw ka sediq kndadax koka icil, malu dmuwi kari Eygo uri.

Snhiyan(宗教）

Snhiyan koka Parin pa Isrankyo, knhbrawan hiyi sediq Parin u to bay Musurin kana. Knhbrawan hiyi Soyeypay mi Syunnipay ddha niyi pa, mniq Parin Musurin u uka pndkanan spatas seyhu, binaw ya bay 65-75％ Musurin u Soyeypay. Uxay wana Musurin uri nanaq, Parin pa niqan snhiyan Kiristokyo mi Intukyo uri. Kngkawas 2010 mndanan smpu uxay snhiyan Musurin ka knhbrawan sediq Parin pa 367,683 hiyi.

Nngalan hbangan/Keyjay （經濟）

Pnrdingan bay Parin u nniqan rriqi ucilung mangal cencumi mawyi congsin, pusu bay nngalan hbangan sediqtnualang u mangal secu mi tmqcurux mi qpahun mbbarikiya ka stsmaun kndusan. Kngkawas 1933 sndiyal gasoring da u, wada muwaya bayqmpah mangal gasoring koka nniqan rriqi ucilung ka Parin, wada tura bay snliyan gasoring u 1712 knbkiyan twen, snliyan gasu ida nkiya u 924 oku rihwangmi. Parin pa cinjong congsin nniqan rriqi ucilung uri. Spuda snpuwan patas kngkawas 2004 pa, snstkuwan kana sediq koka u: 100 oku pila Amirika, snstkuwan kana txtaxa hiyi sediq u: 13590 pila Amirika, sediq koka snstkuwan pnpkranan u, 5.6％, snstkuwan hbangan pnquri nganguc u145 oku pila Amirika, kiya u cingko u 61 oku pila Amirika, cuko u 84 oku pila Amirika.

Spuda patas pnklanan kari kngkawas 2006 idas 1 Ryeynhoko Siya keyjay mi syakay Ingkay, Parin u koka ini biyaw knkrana keyjay kana ckcka seykay Arapo. Mnniqan nniqan Congtong mtrawah balay keyjay tisi ka Parin uri, mmniq kngkawas 2001 pnklanan pneyyah Amirika cwantong cicinhwey mi Hwaarcyey jupaw ka keyjay mtrawah ckcka cusu, tu12 bnkuwan jeynseykay ka Parin. Kngkawas 2008, mniq Runtun cinjongceng cinjong congsin cweyncyo cinjong congsin ckcka cusu, wada ngalun jeynseykay ini bay biyaw mrana pnsliyan keyjay uri. Ginghangyey mi cinjong fuuyey na Parin, quri so Isuran ginghang yeywu, kndadax nniqan hiya alaw ka sntama dmuwi gasoring mi knnranan mi msblayaq, snalu pneyyah gasoring mi cyakongpin ka knou bay snalu cuko Parin, kiya ka nngalan cuko 60％ mi nngalan seyhu 70％, kiya mi nngalan kana sntkuwan koka 11％. Arumi ka Tudha snalu cuko, tubukuy da u cinjong mi jayryaw ssalu sapah.

Mndan na keyjay Parin u kndadax kngkawas 1985 dhuq saya muru neydang kwoci gasorin mi ini sangay knkpriyux. Alaw ka knmalu bay quri tongsyun mi smnluwan ppaun rrulu, ou bay nniqan congpu nniqan kojyo koka icil ka Parin, kiya mi ou ka pusu qqphun koba ka wisu sphiyu. Alaw wana 2.9％ dxral qqpahun phmaun pnwalang na ka Parin, so kiya u qqpahun quri pnwalang pa wana balay 0.5％ ka nngalan kana hbangan ckcka koka. Parin u nongcapin cingcinkokwo. Mniq kngkawas 2004, wada msupu ppatas pnsdhuwan Amirika-Parin cuyo mawyi syeyting ka Parin, wada mlih ka qnriqu mawyi ddha koka niyi.

Dmbbiyax uka qqpahun mi gasoring mi kndnguwan ddiyun qqsiya truma ka pusu bay bsiyaq keyjay monday Parin. Kngkawas 2008 patas uka qqpahun u 4％, kiya mi 85％ ka dqqridin. Kngkawas 2007, Dndulan ngalan Rawkong bucyo ka Macito Aar Arawey hakasey ka qpahun rawtong kayko, wada muwaya balay muda pnwaya dmayaw sediq uka qpahun koka Arapo ka Parin.

Smnluwan Cyawtong (交通建設)

Niqan knmalu bay smnluwan na elu beyhing ka Parin, krinah knmalu ka wa niqan sotu Maynamay. Kngkawas 1930 cida, wada pdudul ssalu elu Parin kawsukongru mi elu balay ka sndiyal gasoring, kiya mi lmutuc duma sthiyaq lualang, mray so elu Tayya uusa Maynamay. Kngkawas 1929, phiyu smalu hakaw qhuni lmutuc Maynamay mi tunarac Muharako ka Parin, thiti da u kngkawas 1941 snbrahan smmalu burah titaw rmirih smudan hakaw qhuni, saya u niqan turu hakaw syeyntayhwa llmutuc ddha alang niyi. Parin kwoci cicang pa babaw mnhdu smalu kngkawas 1932, mnsnun mhdu smalu ka hwancwang tawru mi kawsukongru, smalu elu Maynamay lmutuc lualang tudaya seng mi tuckcka turahuc beyhing alang mkbrnux Parin uri.

Spac pusu balay tawyu mi kana alang mkbrnux Parin mi lualang u niqan knmalu bay elu mllutuc kana. Kngkawas 2002 cida kana elu u 3164 kongri, kiya mi 2433 kongri u elu niqan hndanan krotang. Kiya uri u smnalu hmrinas 2.8 kongri ka titaw lmutuc Maynamay mi Muharakotaw, kiya uri mi kingal hakaw lmutuc Sitorataw. Lmutuc Parin mi Sauti Arapo mi muda Umunasantaw Kwowang Hwahoto Beyhing hakaw knbbaraw na u 24 kongri, pnuda Sauti Arapo dmayaw hbangan smnalu, mnhdu smalu kngkawas 1986 idas12. Kngkawas 2008, spuwan kana mnuda titaw kwocing ka knhbrawan sediq u 17,743,495 hiyi.

Mnniq Muharataw tunarac daya ka Parin kwocicicang(BIA) u pusu balay kwocicicang Parin. Cicang kiya u kngkawas 2010 mnuda seyri hmrinas mn10 knbkiyan hangpan, hmrinas 800 knbkiyan ka knhbrawan hiyi. Pusu bay koka hangkong kongsu Parin u Haywan hangkong, kiya mi Parin kwocicicang ka congpu. Minasaman kang u pusu bay kangpu, 15 ka kana balay ssanan trdu asu. Kngkawas 2001, Parin u niqan 8 ka 1,000 tun asu pbbari, kana balay u hmrinas 270784 tun. Pusu balay stmanan ppanun mniq maci pa niqan rulu nanaq tnsapah mi hayya taxi uxay uri u basu.

Ryoko(旅遊)

Kngkawas 2008 cida pa niqan hmrinas 800 knbkiyan knhbrawan hiyi sediq ka mniyah rmiwaw Parin, ana nanaq to bay so kndadax koka Arapo ka knhbaraw balay, binaw wada kndudul mrana uri ka kndadax koka icil sediq mniyah rmiwaw hini, kiya mi kawas kawas mniq Parin kwoci saytaw pnsung hayya icihwangcengsu Parin tacyangsay u knhbrawan bay uri ka mpriwaw sediq kndadax koka icil. Wada mrimax quri jidayi Arapo saya mi 5,000 kngkawas ndanan kawku hniti jaysang, niqan ou bay smudal qnabil qqlahang alang, kiya mi kiya ka nniqan Tiarmu wenming wa mniq Parinpaw ngalan Ryeynheko cyawkewan cucu hniti jaysang jeynseykay, qnabil qqlangan saya u pnhiyu qnlhangan Putawya cida, kiya uri u 16 seyki mnhdu smalu mi wa mniq Aterakupaw Muharako u niqan bay hhangan uri.

Niqan ou bay pwoukwan uri: Snkuwan Parin koka pwoukwan kndadax 9000 kngkawas bbtunux jidayi mi Tiarmu wenming dhuq lmlamu qqiya bungka Arapo; sapah Kurancing u kiya ka pwoukwan smku patas Kurancing; Pwoukwan gasoring pa pqita patas mi kikayi sndalan dha gasoring kngkawas 1931. Quri so qqtaun ndanan, Kamisu cingcensu u pnhiyu kngkawas 692, wada sbrahun smalu 15-16 seyki dungan, kiya ka knrudah bay cingcensu; Papa sntyeyn u pnhiyu Tiarmu jidayi; niqan 85000 knou ka habung cbiyaw Ari, malu scikun 3000 kngkawas ka rikisi. Ya bay 400 kngkawas ka kngkawas na Qhuni kndusan, mdakil mudus uka hranan qsiya mi mniq ssiyaw Saciar bnaqi bbuyu tutrahuc Parin, kiya ka niqan bay hhangan yahan rmiwaw uri.

Knrmux qsiya tmapaq mi tapa dapa dmayi mi sdmhaw qduda(pusu bay u mniq Howaar cyutaw) ka sprun bay plahun ryoko Parin. Pusu bbriyan qqiya sotu Maynamay u yahan balay hbaraw mpriwaw kndadax gaykoku, mray so pusu alang mkbrnux Parin mi bbriyan qqiya Sihu mi Sitora congsin uri. Qqrasun bay mpriwaw uri ka Maynamay wa mniq smudan alang mkbrnux Maynamay suci mi King sucang. Kndadax kngkawas 2005, kngkawas idas 3 u muda bungka cucwen ka Parin, splawa kana ka knkingal alang txtaxa inyeycya mi isucya. Wada mangal pnhyuwan wowan Arapo ryeynmong kngkawas 2012 Arapo bungka cutu mi kngkawas 2013 Arapo ryoko cutu. Kngkawas 2012 tesecyey pnsliyan ingaku cida u pusu bay psdhmanan u Anteryey Pocyari mi Huriaw Ikoraysiyasu mi inyeycya icil uri.

Quri undo(體育)

Boru btran ka skxlun bay Parin. Parin u mniq kngkawas 1984 rbawan Awrinpiko undokay babaw muwaya tumal pnsung da u, beytaq saya pa mnmturu tumal Awrinpiko undokay. Kana rikisi Parin u kingal bay mnnangal dha snadu Awrinpiko undokay, kiya mi mnangal Mari Yosohu Cyamaar kngkawas 2012 mniq Runtun Awrinpiko undokay pnsung tmalang 1500 kongcu wada mangal dayi sang bang. Cyamaar pa tutaxa qridin undoing muwaya bay mnangal snadu Awrinpiko undokay koka Posuwan.

Pnklan kari mpspu:

Bntasan mridil jiyi u uxay dungus kari Sediq kiya, kari kndadax icil kiya.

Pnyahan pnatas(參考資料)

CIA
外交部
List of current heads of state and government
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97
Tnhjil kari seejiq Watan Diro(瓦旦吉洛) mtabug